ASPIRATOR - Journal of Vector-Borne Diseases Studies

Front Matter

2021-06-30

Back Matter

2021-06-30

Spatial Distribution of Malaria Vector Breeding Sites in Purworejo District Central Java Province

Sunaryo — 2021-06-30

Malaria is the main health problem in Purworejo District, especially in the hilly areas which are bordered by Magelang District (Central Java Province) and Kulonprogo District (Yogyakarta Special Region), Those are identified as malaria receptive areas. Malaria vector breeding sites were found in nearby settlements and occur every season, resulting in the transmission of malaria throughout the year. Spatial mapping of malaria vector breeding sites could support tracing and follow-up of malaria vector control interventions in malariaendemic areas. Survey and mapping of malaria vector breeding site were done using Global Positioning System (GPS) and the data obtained were processed with ArcGIS. The research was conducted in April – November 2018 in Purworejo. This research shows that vector breeding sites in the dry season are puddles along rivers and springs around settlements; small breeding sites with few water volumes. The breeding sites are in the shade of plants or trees. The appropriate intervention measures are action to dry the malaria vector breeding sites, protection of springs and puddles through larvacidation in the dry season, and mosquito nets using in communities around the malaria vector breeding sites. This research concludes the malaria vector breeding sites at dry season concentrates along the rivers and springs.

Analisis Keberhasilan Program Pemberian Obat Pencegahan Massal (POPM) Filariasis Re-TAS 1 di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara

Yuniarti Suryatinah — 2021-06-30

District of Hulu Sungai Utara conducted an additional 2 (two) rounds of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) for filariasis prevention in 2014 and 2015 that resulted in the success of the re-Transmission Assessment Survey Phase 1 (re-TAS 1) in 2016. This study was conducted to identify factors affecting the technical aspects of the aforementioned two additional rounds of MDA. This is a descriptive qualitative study, with a cross-sectional study design. The research was performed from September to November 2017. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with some executive stakeholders (health workers, cadres, community leaders, local women group) involved in the implementation of MDA for the filariasis elimination program. The result from indepth interviews shows the presence of technical factors at the execution level which supports the smooth implementation of the two additional rounds of MDA. Those factors include communication, resources, operational standard, bureaucracy, and pharmaceutical innovation. The success of the additional MDA rounds was marked by the absence of the re-TAS sample that was tested positive of Brugia Rapid™. The pharmaceutical innovation which transforms the dosage form of the medication into powdered form with some additional sweetener that was done in 2014-2015 can improve coverage of the treatment as well as the medication adherence for the early childhood population group. Changing pharmaceutical dosage forms require additional support in the form of human resources, infrastructure as well as financing.

Hubungan Pengetahuan dan Sikap dengan Perilaku Pencegahan Filariasis di Kecamatan Cilimus Kabupaten Kuningan

Nissa Noor Annashr — 2021-06-30

Lymphatic filariasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by parasitic nematodes. The worm can damage the human lymphatic system gradually then causing enlargement of the limbs, breasts and genitalia. Kuningan is an endemic regency for filariasis in West Java Province. Cilimus District was in the 2nd position as a district with the highest filariasis cases in Kuningan in 2017. This research was conducted in Cilimus District from May to June 2018 using a cross-sectional design. The population was all households in the Cilimus District with a sample size of 106 people who were taken using a simple random sampling technique. The independent variables studied were knowledge and attitudes regarding the prevention of filariasis, the dependent variable was the filariasis prevention practices. Data collection was carried out by interview using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by univariate and bivariate (chi-square test). The results showed that some respondents had good knowledge and positive attitudes about the prevention of filariasis (50%). The description of respondent practices showed that 82.1% of respondents took filariasis drug, 62.3% of respondents had the habit of using mosquito repellent, only 4.7% of respondents used mosquito nets, 49.1% of respondents put gauze wire, 47.2% of respondents did not have a habit of hanging clothes. The results of categorizing behavioral variables were found that more than half of the respondents (52.8%) had implemented good prevention practices. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude with filariasis prevention practices (p <0.05).

Daya Predasi Ikan Lemon (Labidochromis caeruleus) dan Ikan Kapiat (Barbonymus schwanenfeldii) terhadap Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti

Nathania Disa Ariesta Andriani — 2021-06-30

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a vector-borne disease that still happens every year in Indonesia. This disease is caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by the Aedes aegypti as its vector. One of the biological vector controls that can be implemented is using fish as a predator of mosquito larvae, such as using Electric Yellow Cichlid fish (Labidochromis caeruleus) and Tinfoil Barb fish (Barbonymus schwanenfeldii). This study aimed to determine the difference in predation capacities of Electric Yellow Cichlid and Tinfoil Barb on Ae. aegypti larvae. This research is quasiexperimental with a completely randomized design (CRD) with Post Test Only research design. One aquarium with three liters of water containing one fish is given 25 Ae. aegypti larvae. Testing of each fish species is carried out in five replications. Fish predation was observed every 30 seconds until all larvae were eaten. The result showed that Electric Yellow Cichlid could prey on 25 larvae in an average time of 5.7 minutes, while Tinfoil Barb spent 11.6 minutes. The results of the Friedman test showed that there was a significant time difference in preying time of Electric Yellow Cichlid and Tinfoil Barb. It’s
concluded that Electric Yellow Cichlid was more effective as an Ae. aegypti larvae predator.

Nocturnal Activity of Aedes spp. in the Filariasis Endemic Area in Central Java

Nissa Kusariana Kusariana — 2021-06-30

The elimination filariasis program has not been successful in the province of Central Java. The Changes in mosquito vector behavior, especially their active time in blood feeding, greatly affect the transmission of filariasis. One of the behavioral changes is the shifting of
mosquito activity from morning to night, such as the Aedes spp. This study aims to describe the nocturnal activity of the Aedes spp. mosquito in the filariasis endemic area in Central Java. This research is an observational study with a cross-sectional design, carried out in two endemic filariasis villages, Tegal Dowo Village, Tirto Sub-District, Pekalongan Regency and Ujung-Ujung Village, Pabelan District, Semarang Regency. Mosquito catching was conducted in 2 nights from 06.00 pm to 12.00 am, with three mosquito catchers inside and three outside of each patient’s house that was positive for filariasis from 2018-2019 or the house around the Filariasis cases house (± 200 meters distance) using a purposive sampling technique. The mosquito collections were carried out using the Human Landing Collection (HLC) method and resting collection. The results showed the nocturnal activity of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the Filariasis endemic area. A total of 124 mosquitoes with 121 Ae. aegypti were found at night inside the house and 2 in Tegal Dowo Village, while in Ujung-ujung Village there are only 2 Ae. aegypti were found outdoor at night. In the two research areas, it was found that the highest active time of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were at 06.00-07.00 pm. Our study concludes that there is evidence of nocturnal activity of Aedes mosquitoes at night in filariasis endemic areas in Central Java.

Studi Kualitatif Implementasi Kebijakan Eliminasi Malaria di Wilayah Endemis Rendah Kabupaten Pangandaran dan Pandeglang

Tri Wahono — 2021-06-30

The government targets malaria elimination in Java and Bali by 2023. But until 2020, Pangandaran and Pandeglang Regency haven’t received malaria-free certification. This qualitative study was conducted to provide an overview of Pangandaran and Pandeglang malaria control implementation by comparing it to Activity Indicators based on the Indonesian Minister of Health Decree on malaria
elimination. In-depth interviews, using thematically interview guidelines, were conducted to 48 key informants such as policyholders and people in charge of health programs and cross-sectoral at the provincial, district, sub-district, and village levels. Thematic analysis was used in the theme of policy implementation, budget, facilities and infrastructures, human resources, and cross-sector cooperation.
The result shows that malaria control is implemented according to the decree, but some activities haven’t been done. The analysis on policy implementation theme shows that both districts have carried out according to the guidelines, with innovation in the form of establishing Posmaldes (village malaria post) in Ujung Kulon National Park in Pandeglang. APBD, APBN, and Global Fund are used as
budget sources. Both districts stated that facilities and infrastructures are sufficiently available, but there is a lack in human resources’ quantity and varying degrees of competencies. There is also a lack of cross-sector cooperation because malaria control hasn’t become a priority in those sectors and they are only acting as supports to the health sector. Efforts to control malaria are considered less optimal due to the absence of malaria elimination regulations, varied human resource capabilities, and the limitation in the duties and functions of cross-sectors.

Efektivitas Larvasida Granul Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pisang Nangka (Musa x paradisiaca L.) terhadap Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti

Anna Yuliana — 2021-06-30

Musa x paradisiaca L. leaves are known to contain phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and other compounds that can be used as larvicides. This study aims to determine the effect of Musa x paradisiaca L leaves’ ethanol extract granules on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. The Research was experimental in two stages of effectiveness testing, that are extract and granule formula effectiveness test. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test. The extraction method used was maceration using 96% ethanol. The concentration of the extract dosage used were 0.2; 0.5; 1; 2; and 4%, with control (+) temephos and control (-). Repetitions were carried out 3 times with a sample total of 675 larvae. Observations were made for 12 and 24 hours. Preparation of granules using 2 formulas, formula 1 granules without extract and formula 2 granules with the extract. To fulfill the granule formulation criteria, the preparation was evaluated. The results showed that the concentration of 4% extract was the most effective at 98.7%, as stated by the Kruskal-Wallis test result, p-value <0.05, which means that there was an effect on the effectiveness of larvicide. The percentage of mortality of larvae given formula 2 is 100% and based on the Mann-Whitney test with value p<0.05,
there is a difference between granule 1 and 2 formula. Criteria of granule including moisture content (1.72 %), angle of rest 240, flow velocity (50 gr/sec), and dispersion time (2.25 minutes). The granular formula of Musa x paradisiaca L leaves can make the application easier and hopefully can be used as effectively as synthetic larvicide in the community.